<html>
<META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<head>
<title>Section 4.18.&nbsp; File Times</title>
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="images/style.css">
<link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="images/docsafari.css">
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr><td><div STYLE="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.15in;"><a href="toc.html"><img src="images/team.gif" width="60" height="17" border="0" align="absmiddle"  alt="Team BBL"></a></div></td>
<td align="right"><div STYLE="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.15in;">
<a href=ch04lev1sec17.html><img src="images/prev.gif" width="60" height="17" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt="Previous Page"></a>
<a href=ch04lev1sec19.html><img src="images/next.gif" width="60" height="17" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt="Next Page"></a>
</div></td></tr></table>
<br><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td valign="top"><a name="ch04lev1sec18"></a>
<h3 class="docSection1Title">4.18. File Times</h3>
<p class="docText">Three time fields are maintained for each file. Their purpose is summarized in <a class="docLink" href="#ch04fig19">Figure 4.19</a>.</P>
<a name="ch04fig19"></a><P><table cellspacing="0" class="allBorders" border="1" RULES="groups" cellpadding="5"><caption><h5 class="docTableTitle">Figure 4.19. The three time values associated with each file</H5></caption><colgroup><col width="75"><col width="200"><col width="110"><col width="90"></colgroup><thead><TR><th class="rightBorder bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">Field</span></P></th><th class="rightBorder bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">Description</span></p></th><th class="rightBorder bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">Example</span></P></th><th class="bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman"><tt>ls</tt>(1) option</span></P></th></TR></thead><tr><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>st_atime</tt></p></TD><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText">last-access time of file data</P></td><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>read</tt></P></td><TD class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>-u</tt></P></td></tr><tr><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>st_mtime</tt></P></td><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText">last-modification time of file data</p></TD><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>write</tt></p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">default</p></td></tr><tr><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>st_ctime</tt></p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText">last-change time of i-node status</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>chmod, chown</tt></p></td><TD class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>-c</tt>
</P></td></TR></table></P><BR>
<p class="docText">Note the difference between the modification time (<tt>st_mtime</tt>) and the changed-status time (<tt>st_ctime</tt>). The modification time is when the contents of the file were last modified. The changed-status time is when the i-node of the file was last modified. In this chapter, we've described many operations that affect the i-node without changing the actual contents of the file: changing the file access permissions, changing the user <a name="idd1e30302"></a><a name="idd1e30307"></a><a name="idd1e30312"></a><a name="idd1e30317"></a><a name="idd1e30322"></a><a name="idd1e30327"></a><a name="idd1e30332"></a><a name="idd1e30337"></a><a name="idd1e30342"></a><a name="idd1e30347"></a><a name="idd1e30352"></a><a name="idd1e30357"></a><a name="idd1e30362"></a><a name="idd1e30367"></a><a name="idd1e30372"></a>ID, changing the number of links, and so on. Because all the information in the i-node is stored separately from the actual contents of the file, we need the changed-status time, in addition to the modification time.</p>
<p class="docText">Note that the system does not maintain the last-access time for an i-node. This is why the functions <tt>access</tt> and <tt>stat</tt>, for example, don't change any of the three times.</P>
<p class="docText">The access time is often used by system administrators to delete files that have not been accessed for a certain amount of time. The classic example is the removal of files named <tt>a.out</tt> or <tt>core</tt> that haven't been accessed in the past week. The <tt>find</tt>(1) command is often used for this type of operation.</P>
<p class="docText">The modification time and the changed-status time can be used to archive only those files that have had their contents modified or their i-node modified.</P>
<p class="docText">The <tt>ls</tt> command displays or sorts only on one of the three time values. By default, when invoked with either the <tt>-l</tt> or the <tt>-t</tt> option, it uses the modification time of a file. The <tt>-u</tt> option causes it to use the access time, and the <tt>-c</tt> option causes it to use the changed-status time.</p>
<p class="docText"><a class="docLink" href="#ch04fig20">Figure 4.20</a> summarizes the effects of the various functions that we've described on these three times. Recall from <a class="docLink" href="ch04lev1sec14.html#ch04lev1sec14">Section 4.14</a> that a directory is simply a file containing directory entries: filenames and associated i-node numbers. Adding, deleting, or modifying these directory entries can affect the three times associated with that directory. This is why <a class="docLink" href="#ch04fig20">Figure 4.20</a> contains one column for the three times associated with the file or directory and another column for the three times associated with the parent directory of the referenced file or directory. For example, creating a new file affects the directory that contains the new file, and it affects the i-node for the new file. Reading or writing a file, however, affects only the i-node of the file and has no effect on the directory. (The <tt>mkdir</tt> and <tt>rmdir</tt> functions are covered in <a class="docLink" href="ch04lev1sec20.html#ch04lev1sec20">Section 4.20</a>. The <tt>utime</tt> function is covered in the next section. The six <tt>exec</tt> functions are described in <a class="docLink" href="ch08lev1sec10.html#ch08lev1sec10">Section 8.10</a>. We describe the <tt>mkfifo</tt> and <tt>pipe</tt> functions in <a class="docLink" href="ch15.html#ch15">Chapter 15</a>.)</P>
<a name="ch04fig20"></a><p><table cellspacing="0" class="allBorders" border="1" RULES="groups" cellpadding="5"><caption><H5 class="docTableTitle">Figure 4.20. Effect of various functions on the access, modification, and changed-status times</H5></caption><colgroup><col width="100"><col width="25"><col width="25"><col width="25"><col width="25"><col width="25"><col width="25"><col width="50"><col width="150"></colgroup><thead><TR><th class="rightBorder bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">Function</span></p></th><th class="rightBorder bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="bottom" colspan="3"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">Referenced file or directory</span></P></th><th class="rightBorder bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="bottom" colspan="3"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">Parent directory of referenced file or directory</span></P></th><th class="rightBorder bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">Section</span></p></th><th class="rightBorder bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">Note</span></P></th></TR><tr><th class="bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">a</span></p></th><th class="bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">m</span></p></th><th class="rightBorder bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">c</span></p></th><th class="bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">a</span></P></th><th class="bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">m</span></p></th><th class="rightBorder bottomBorder thead" scope="col" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText"><span class="docEmphRoman">c</span></P></th></tr></thead><TR><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>chmod</tt>, <tt>fchmod</tt></p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.9</P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>chown</tt>, <tt>fchown</tt></P></TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.11</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD></tr><TR><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>creat</tt></P></td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></TD><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">3.4</p></TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>O_CREAT</tt> new file</P></td></TR><TR><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>creat</tt></p></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></td><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></td><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">3.4</p></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>O_TRUNC</tt> existing file</P></td></tr><tr><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>exec</tt></p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">8.10</P></TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td></TR><TR><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>lchown</tt></p></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.11</P></td><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td></TR><tr><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>link</tt></p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.15</P></TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText">parent of second argument</p></TD></TR><TR><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>mkdir</tt></P></td><TD class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></td><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.20</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>mkfifo</tt></p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">15.5</p></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD></TR><TR><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>open</tt></P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></td><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">3.3</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>O_CREAT</tt> new file</p></td></tr><tr><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>open</tt></p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></TD><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></td><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">3.3</P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>O_TRUNC</tt> existing file</P></TD></tr><TR><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>pipe</tt></p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></td><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">15.2</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>read</tt></p></TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">3.7</P></td><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD></tr><TR><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>remove</tt></p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.15</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText">remove file = <tt>unlink</tt></p></td></tr><tr><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>remove</tt></P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></td><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.15</P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText">remove directory = <tt>rmdir</tt></P></TD></tr><tr><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>rename</tt></p></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.15</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText">for both arguments</p></td></TR><TR><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>rmdir</tt></P></TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.20</P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td></tr><tr><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>truncate</tt>, <tt>ftruncate</tt></P></td><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.13</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD></TR><tr><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>unlink</tt></P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></td><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></TD><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></TD><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.15</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td></TR><tr><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>utime</tt></p></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">4.19</p></TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td></TR><TR><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top"><p class="docText"><tt>write</tt></p></TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="docTableCell" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></td><TD class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">&#8226;</P></TD><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><TD class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</td><TD class="rightBorder" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD><td class="rightBorder" align="center" valign="top"><p class="docText">3.8</p></td><td class="docTableCell" align="left" valign="top">&nbsp;</TD></tr></table></P><br>

<a href="17021535.html"><img src="images/pixel.gif" alt="" width="1" height="1" border="0"></a><UL></ul></td></tr></table>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr><td><div STYLE="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.15in;"><a href="toc.html"><img src="images/team.gif" width="60" height="17" border="0" align="absmiddle"  alt="Team BBL"></a></div></td>
<td align="right"><div STYLE="MARGIN-LEFT: 0.15in;">
<a href=ch04lev1sec17.html><img src="images/prev.gif" width="60" height="17" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt="Previous Page"></a>
<a href=ch04lev1sec19.html><img src="images/next.gif" width="60" height="17" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt="Next Page"></a>
</div></td></tr></table>
</body></html><br>
<table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
style="margin-top: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;"> 
<tr> <td align="right" style="background-color=white; border-top: 1px solid gray;"> 
<a href="http://www.zipghost.com/" target="_blank" style="font-family: Tahoma, Verdana;
 font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;">The CHM file was converted to HTM by Trial version of <b>ChmD<!--29-->ecompiler</b>.</a>
</TD>
</TR><tr>
<td align="right" style="background-color=white; "> 
<a href="http://www.etextwizard.com/download/cd/cdsetup.exe" target="_blank" style="font-family: Tahoma, Verdana;
 font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;">Download <b>ChmDec<!--29-->ompiler</b> at: http://www.zipghost.com</a>
</TD></tr></table>
